General-cargo ships - Once the
most popular type, nowadays general-cargo ships are still built but in small
quantities. Their carrying capacity is 4,000-6,000 t on average and may reach
16,000 - 20,000 t. General cargo includes items which are packed (boxes,
barrels, bags, packages) or not packed (pipes, bricks, machinery, rolls of
wire). Refrigerator chambers to keep perishable foods, tanks for carrying
vegetable oils and air-conditioned systems for furs needing special care are
being provided on modern vessels. However, the disadvantage is that loading and
unloading takes a long time which causes delay. Ships for general cargo may
sail on a fixed route (that is, making regular voyages between two ports) or
may supply cargo wherever merchants want them to.
Specialized ships - Its based on the cargo is carefully distributed according to its type and requirement of special conditions and need special handling requirement provided by the ships.
Specialized ships - Its based on the cargo is carefully distributed according to its type and requirement of special conditions and need special handling requirement provided by the ships.
Reefer - they transport perishable
foods such as fruit, vegetables, meat, fish and dairy, having a carrying
capacity of 8,000 - 12,000 t. T Foodstuffs are kept in holds with good heat and
freezing insulation at a temperature varying from -25 C to +13 C depending on
the type of cargo. Reefers are equipped to carry not only frozen stuff but also
goods which first have to be refrigerated to a specific temperature for
transportation.
Timber carriers - one-decked ships designed to carry logs and beams; carrying capacity - 5,000 - 20,000 t, speed - 13-15 knots.
Timber carriers - one-decked ships designed to carry logs and beams; carrying capacity - 5,000 - 20,000 t, speed - 13-15 knots.
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These ships are classified as unit-load ships because freight is carried in
huge boxes of standard size (units), usually from 10 to 40 t.
Actually these
are the same we see on trains and trucks proving one of the advantages of
containerships and those boxes: the delivery can be transported to the recipient
using the link wagon - car - ship with least damage of cargo.
The higher speed (of 20-26 knots) and shorter port stay are a few of their advantages over other types of ships. The boxes, also called containers, may carry anything - fruit and meat (in special refrigerator containers), chemicals and acids, textile, instruments and metals, TV sets, radios and computers, even cars and ships!
The higher speed (of 20-26 knots) and shorter port stay are a few of their advantages over other types of ships. The boxes, also called containers, may carry anything - fruit and meat (in special refrigerator containers), chemicals and acids, textile, instruments and metals, TV sets, radios and computers, even cars and ships!
Due to this peculiar ship design
and method of units, loading and unloading is done much faster.
Records for the fastest work have been set, the recent one being an unloading of 104 containers per hour (Hong Kong, 1982). Usually loading procedures are performed with cranes ashore at special places called "terminals" but smaller containerships have their own cargo-handling gear.
Records for the fastest work have been set, the recent one being an unloading of 104 containers per hour (Hong Kong, 1982). Usually loading procedures are performed with cranes ashore at special places called "terminals" but smaller containerships have their own cargo-handling gear.
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Barge-carrying ships (lighter ships) -This type of
ships pertains to the category of containerships but the principle is slightly
different. Cargo is carried in floating containers, also referred to as barges
or lighters, each with a carrying capacity of 375 t - 1050 t.
As these barges
cannot sail on their own, they need to be tugged or towed to the ship. There,
they can be loaded aboard in different ways depending on the type of lighter
ship. For example, LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship) type has a high-capacity crane at
the stern which lifts the barge, moves it horizontally over the deck and
arranges it. SEA BEE type has a platform at the stern which is just like an
elevator - it takes the lighter on and lifts it up to the deck.
From then on,
another device carries the barge to its place. The "integrator"
lighter ship has its hull divided into sections so that the tug can move the
barge straight into its compartment.
Unloading is done in the same way on the
following principle - lighters are unloaded from the ship, let in the water and
tugged to the pier.
The advantage of this type of ships being that cargo can be carried in separate barges to and from smaller ports through a series of rivers and canals that are inaccessible for big ships.
Ro-ro ships - used for transporting motor vehicles and other wheeled equipment. Ro-ro is short for roll-on roll-off ships and is thus called because cargo is carried on wheeled containers or trailers.
The advantage of this type of ships being that cargo can be carried in separate barges to and from smaller ports through a series of rivers and canals that are inaccessible for big ships.
Ro-ro ships - used for transporting motor vehicles and other wheeled equipment. Ro-ro is short for roll-on roll-off ships and is thus called because cargo is carried on wheeled containers or trailers.
Roughly speaking, their shape is "boxy". Ro-ro ships usually have 2-6
decks and look like huge parking lots with stern openings and lifting platforms
to sort out trailers. Needless to say, loading and unloading is quite speedy. A
common "representative" of ro-ro type is the car carrier
(car-loading) which usually has cars directly loaded on the ship without
putting them in containers. Modern car carriers are capable of carrying about
6,500 automobiles.
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Bulk-carriers do not have cargo-handling gear aboard and have their goods
loaded/unloaded by means of port devices.
That's why all the space before the
deckhouse is vacant to make load operations easier. There is an exception for
some bulkers that work on a self-unloading principle.
Bulk cargo is a wide term. Heavy bulk-carriers usually transport ore , coal and coke, building materials, such as cement and gravel. Light bulkers carry grain, salt and sugar.
Bulk cargo is a wide term. Heavy bulk-carriers usually transport ore , coal and coke, building materials, such as cement and gravel. Light bulkers carry grain, salt and sugar.
Unfortunately, goods such as ores and grain cannot simply be
dumped in the hold of the ship without taking any precautions. Any careless
maintenance of this cargo may result in damage of the ship. Just to give you an
example - grain may ignite under particular conditions.
Bulkers can also be
all-purpose i.e. they may export bulk cargo and import oil or vehicles. This
type tends to have many holds. An example of this type is the oil-ore carrier
which may have a carrying capacity of 280,000t.
Heavy-cargo ships - designed to carry cranes, oil drills, machinery for factories and power stations, equipment for heavy industry and other cargo weighing 700-1000 t.
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